Utilización de sensores inerciales para la evaluación de la movilidad espinal en pacientes con espondiloartritis axial / Use of inertial sensors for the assessment of spinal mobility in axial spondyloarthritis patients

Introducción: La espondiloartritis axial (EspAx) es una enfermedad reumática que afecta a toda la columna del paciente (lumbar, dorsal y cervical) y produce una reducción de la movilidad a medida que la enfermedad avanza. Diversas herramientas metrológicas se han propuesto para evaluar esta movilidad. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es evaluar el uso de sensores inerciales (Inertial Measuring Unit) como herramienta para la medición de la movilidad espinal en pacientes con EspAx. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal donde se define la movilidad espinal por el movimiento cervical y dorsolumbar en los planos frontal, lateral y trasversal. Se utilizaron 7 pacientes con EspAx y 7 individuos sanos como grupo control. La movilidad se midió de forma sincronizada con un sistema basado en sensores inerciales y otro sistema de captura de movimiento basado en vídeo (UCOTrack©). Además, se obtuvieron medidas de metrología convencional. Finalmente se calcularon índices compuestos basados en estas medidas: BASMI, UCOASMI e iUCOASMI. Resultados: Tanto las medidas individuales como el índice obtenido a partir de los sensores, iUCOASMI, presentaron buena fiabilidad y concordancia con coeficientes de correlación intraclase superiores a 0,7 (¿0,95 en el grupo de pacientes) y excelente correlación (p<0,01) con UCOASMI y BASMI. En un ajuste de correlación lineal de iUCOASMI/UCOASMI se obtuvo una R2 de 0,97. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos indican que los sensores inerciales podrían ser útiles para analizar la movilidad espinal en pacientes con EspAx de forma más precisa y fiable que la metrología convencional, y más flexible y económica que otros sistemas avanzados

Introduction: Axial Spondyloarthritis (AxSpa) is a rheumatic disease that affects the entire spine of the patient (lumbar, dorsal and cervical) and produces a reduction of mobility as the disease progresses. Several metrological tools have been proposed to assess this mobility. The objective of our study is to evaluate the use of inertial sensors "Inertial Measuring Unit" (IMU) as a tool for the measurement of spinal mobility in patients with AxSpA. Material and method: Descriptive and transversal study where spinal mobility is defined by cervical and dorsal-lumbar movement in frontal, lateral and transverse planes; by means of non-probabilistic sampling, 7 patients with AxSpA and 7 healthy subjects were recruited as control group. Mobility was measured synchronously with a system based on inertial motion sensors (IMU) and another video-based motion capture system (UCOTrack©). In addition, measurements of conventional metrology. Finally the BASMI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index), UCOASMI (University of Cordoba Ankilosing Spondylitis Metrology Index) and iUCOASMI index were obtained. Results: Both the individual measures obtained with the IMU and the composite index obtained from these measures, the iUCOASMI, show good reliability and concordance with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) above .7 (ICC¿.95 in the patient group), and an excellent correlation (P<.01) between iUCOASMI with UCOASMI and BASMI. In an adjustment of linear correlation of iUCOASMI/UCOASMI a R2 of .97 was obtained. Discussion: Results obtained shown that inertial sensors could be useful for analyzing spinal mobility in patients with AxSpA in a more accurate and reliable way than conventional metrology, and more flexible and economical than other advanced systems

Caracterización cinemática 3D del gesto técnico del remate en jugadoras de voleibol / Caracterização cinemática tridimensional do gesto técnico do ataque em jogadores de voleibol / Tridimensional kinematic characterization of female volleyball spike

Objetivo. Caracterizar cinemáticamente el gesto técnico del remate en voleibol en un grupo de jugadoras experimentadas de categoría sénior utilizando un sistema de captura y análisis del movimiento tridimensionalmente. Método. Se utilizó un sistema de captura de movimiento con cinco cámaras de alta velocidad (100Hz). Se definió un modelo de marcadores de 27 marcas reflectantes. Resultados. Se analizaron 38 parámetros cinemáticos, entre ellos: tiempos entre eventos, posición del centro de masas, velocidades y altura del remate. Se describieron parámetros como tiempo de vuelo, velocidad de impulsión vertical, salida del balón y rango de movimientos en brazo ejecutor, entre otros, con valores cercanos a los publicados por otros autores. Conclusiones. El presente estudio ha permitido definir un protocolo y modelo de informe como herramienta para el entrenamiento personalizado en función de las deficiencias observadas y para prevenir posibles lesiones a medio/largo plazo (AU)

Objetivo. Caracterizar cinematicamente o gesto técnico do ataque em voleibol em um grupo de jogadoras experientes de categoria sênior utilizando um sistema de captura e análise do sistema de movimento tridimensional. Método. Foi utilizado um sistema de movimento com cinco câmeras de alta velocidade (100Hz). Foi definido um modelo de marcadores reflexivos com 27 marcadores definido. Resultados. Foram analisados 38 parâmetros cinemáticos, entre eles: tempos entre eventos, posição do centro de massas, velocidade e altura do ataque. Foram descritos parâmetros como o tempo de vôo, velocidade de impulsão vertical, saída da bola e amplitude de movimento do braço executor, entre outros, com valores próximos aos publicados por outros autores. Conclusão. O presente estudo permitiu definir um modelo de protocolo e relatório como uma ferramenta para treinamento personalizado em função das deficiências observadas e para prevenir possíveis lesões a médio/longo prazo (AU)

Objective. Characterize the kinematic parameters in a group of experienced women senior class volleyball players using a 3D motion capture and analysis system. Method. A motion capture system connected to five high-speed cameras (100Hz) was used. A marker set was defined using 27 reflective marks. Results. Thirty eight kinematic parameters were analyzed: time between events, centre of mass, speed, height of spike. Many parameters were described as flight time, vertical impulsion speed, ball speed after spiking and range of movement in executor arm, among others, with similar values to those published by other authors. Conclusions. This study has defined a protocol and a custom report as tool for personalized training according to deficiencies detected and to prevent injuries at medium/long term (AU)

Fiabilidad y validez de la medida de la movilidad cervical en pacientes con espondiloartritis axial utilizando un sensor inercial / Reliability and validity of cervical mobility analysis measurement using an inertial sensor in patients with axial spondyloarthritis

Introducción. La espondiloartritis axial (EA) produce una reducción de la movilidad debido a la inflamación y el daño estructural a nivel vertebral. El análisis de la movilidad cervical es un componente fundamental en la evaluación de pacientes con EA. Diversos índices y herramientas se han propuesto para analizar la movilidad cervical en estos pacientes, si bien, algunos de ellos carecen de precisión y sensibilidad y otros necesitan amplios recursos para ser usados. Los sensores de movimiento inerciales (IMU) podrían ser útiles para este cometido, pero se necesitan procesos de validación. Material y método. Se evaluó el movimiento cervical en tres planos (flexión frontal, lateral y rotación cervical) utilizando un IMU y un sistema de captura de movimiento de forma sincronizada. Se hizo una prueba test/retest del sensor. Se tomaron otras medidas habitualmente usadas para monitorizar a los pacientes con EA. Resultados. El análisis de fiabilidad según el índice de correlación intraclase fue muy bueno (0,99) para el test/retest del sensor IMU y para la comparación con el sistema de captura de movimiento. Las diferencias en grados fueron pequeñas (2-9°). Discusión. La tecnología IMU proporciona una forma flexible y económica de medir la movilidad en este tipo de patologías. Según nuestros resultados, la comparativa con respecto a la captura de movimiento como «gold standard», ha sido satisfactoria. Es por esto que esta tecnología puede ser útil para analizar la movilidad cervical en la EA (AU)

Introduction. Axial spondyloarthritis (AS) reduces mobility due to inflammation and structural damage in the vertebra. Analysis of cervical mobility is a key component of the assessment of patients with AS. Several indices and tools have been proposed to analyse cervical mobility in these patients, but some of them lack accuracy and sensitivity and others require extensive resources for their use. Inertial motion sensors (IMU) might be useful for this purpose, but require validation. Material and method. Cervical movement was assessed synchronously in three planes (frontal flexion, lateral flexion and cervical rotation) by using an inertial sensor (IMU) and a motion capture system. A test/retest with the sensor was also performed. Other measurements commonly used to monitor AS patients were taken. Results. The reliability analysis using the intraclass correlation index was very good (0.99) for the test/retest with the IMU sensor and for the comparison with the motion capture system. Differences in degrees were small (2-9°). Discussion. IMU technology provides a flexible and economic way to measure mobility in this type of disease. In this study, the results of IMU versus motion capture as the gold standard were satisfactory. This technology can be useful for analysing cervical mobility in AS (AU)

Inter-rater reliability of clinical mobility measures in ankylosing spondylitis.

BACKGROUND: Several measurements are often used in daily clinical practice in the assessment of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) patients. The Assessment in SpondyloArthiritis International Society (ASAS) recommend in its core set: chest expansion modified Schöber test, Occiput to wall distance, lateral lumbar flexion, cervical rotation and The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI). BASMI also includes five measurements, some of them recommended by ASAS. Three versions of BASMI have been published with different scales and intervals for each component of the index. Though studies about reliability of these measurements are needed. The aim of this study was to analyze inter-rater reliability of recommended spinal mobility measures in AS. METHODS: We examined reproducibility of spinal mobility measurements on 33 AS patients performed by two experienced rheumatologists in the same day. Descriptive statistics, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), and Smallest Detectable Difference (SDD) using the Bland-Altman criteria were obtained for all the measurements. RESULTS: Chest expansion showed the lowest value of ICC (0.66) and occiput-wall the highest (0.97). SDD was 2.43 units for BASMI2 and 1.27 units for BASMI10. CONCLUSIONS: Reliability according to ICC was moderate to high in all measurements. BASMI10, instead BASMI2, must be used: measurements used to calculate are the same but there is better reliability. Inter-rater variation, expressed as SDD, must be taken in account: smaller improvements do not demonstrate the efficacy of treatment because they can be due to experimental error and not to the treatment itself.